Type System Features
Listed inType System FeaturesLanguages & Type Systemson
Generics, variance, unions, structural versus nominal typing, and what they buy in real code.
Advanced10 minDraft
#types
What languages differ on, what they only appear to differ on, and how a type system changes the bugs you can still have.
11 articles
Listed inType System FeaturesLanguages & Type Systemson
Generics, variance, unions, structural versus nominal typing, and what they buy in real code.
Listed inClosures and ScopeLanguages & Type Systemson
Lexical scope, capture semantics, and the loop-variable bug every language has a version of.
Listed inReading a Language SpecLanguages & Type Systemson
Getting a defensible answer out of the normative document instead of a Stack Overflow guess.
Listed inStatic vs Dynamic TypingLanguages & Type Systemson
What each catches, what each costs, and why the argument keeps outliving the evidence.
Listed inImmutabilityLanguages & Type Systemson
Why shared mutable state is the root of so many bugs, and the cost of copying instead.
Listed inPolyglot CodebasesLanguages & Type Systemson
FFI, serialisation boundaries, and the tax you pay for every extra runtime in the build.
Listed inProgramming ParadigmsLanguages & Type Systemson
Imperative, object-oriented, and functional styles as tools rather than tribes.
Listed inError HandlingLanguages & Type Systemson
Exceptions, result types, and error codes — plus which errors to handle and which to let kill the process.
Listed inChoosing a LanguageLanguages & Type Systemson
Ecosystem, hiring, runtime characteristics, and the fact that the choice matters less than it feels.
Listed inMaking Illegal States UnrepresentableLanguages & Type Systemson
Designing types so the invalid case cannot be constructed, and the validation you then stop writing.
Listed inMemory Management ModelsLanguages & Type Systemson
Manual, refcounted, traced, and ownership-based — the four answers and what each rules out.